為何印度學生喜歡來中國學醫 ？Why Indian Medical Students Prefer China？

文/ Madhurima Nundy

by Madhurima Nundy

　　自本世紀以來，隨著中國高等院校擴招，中國日益受到各國留學生青睞。有學者預計，到2020年，來華留學的人數將達到50萬。如今，在華留學生中，有七成來自于亞洲國家。

　　Since the beginning of the century, higher education in China has expanded, making the country an increasingly popular destination for students from around the world. Experts estimate that the flow of inbound students to China will increase to 500,000 by 2020. Presently, almost 70 percent of international students in China hail from Asia.

　　中國之所以受外國留學生歡迎有多重原因。過去十年，中國投入巨資，旨在將其重點院校打造成世界級學府。在2016年QS世界高校排名中，中國至少有三所大學躋身前一百名。

　　China is an attractive destination for students for many reasons. In the last decade, the country has invested heavily in major universities to elevate them to world-class institutions. At least three Chinese universities rank among the top 100 in the World University Rankings.

　　中國政府采取了多項措施以吸引外國留學生。近年來，政府在一些學科上提供獎學金，多所學校都推出了同國外學校合作辦學的項目，合作方多為北美高校。參與合作辦學項目的學生一部分時間在中國學習，一部分時間前往西方國家學習。

　　The Chinese government has introduced several measures to attract foreign students. In the recent years the government has offered scholarships for students in certain fields. Several universities now feature “split campus” programs wherein they partner with a foreign university, mostly in North America. A participating student completes part of the program in the Chinese university and the other at the partner university in the West.

　　2005年9月15日，180名成績優異的印度高中畢業生考入武漢大學醫學院，這是武漢大學首次招收本科留學生。[CFP]

　　而在國際聯合辦學的高校，學生可以不出國門就拿到外國文憑。參與合作項目的北美高校的教師會到中國授課。許多西方國家的學生也喜歡到中國學習，中國的生活成本和學費比大多數發達國家都低，中國的教學質量在許多方面也和國外旗鼓相當。

　　At joint venture universities, students can get an international degree by studying just in China. Faculty from partnering universities in North America visit their Chinese counterparts to teach for a time. Many students from the West like to study in China because the cost of living and tuition are relatively lower than most developed countries and the quality of education is similar in many ways.

　　2014年，超過30萬印度學生到國外接受高等教育。雖然美國、加拿大、澳大利亞和英國仍然是印度學生的主要留學目的地，但是由于中國政府在人文學科、社會科學、管理學、醫學和工程學科上提供了多項獎學金，中國正越來越受到印度學生的歡迎。

　　In 2014, over 300,000 Indian students travelled abroad for higher education. While the United States, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom are still major destinations for Indian students, China is gradually becoming an important destination due to the availability of several Chinese government-sponsored scholarships in the humanities, social sciences, business management, medicine and engineering.

　　據國際教育協會的數據顯示，2015年印度在華留學生的總人數達到了16694人，而十年前在華印度學生僅有765人。

　　According to Project Atlas, managed by the Institute for International Education, the total number of Indian students in China in 2015 was reported at 16,694 as compared to 765 just a decade ago.

　　2006年11月27日，58名印度學生到廈門大學學醫，這是廈門大學有史以來招收的首批印度留學生。圖為國內學生與印度留學生進行交流。[CFP]

　　有趣的是，印度留學生中80%都選擇攻讀醫學本科專業，遠超排名第二、第三的中文和文學。不過相比之下，前往印度求學的中國學生僅有2000余人。

　　Interestingly, 80 percent of them are pursuing undergraduate medical school, followed by Chinese language and literature. Comparatively, the number of Chinese students in India has remained low at about 2,000.

　　在出國學醫印度學生眼中最受青睞的國家中，中國排名第一，其次是俄羅斯、尼泊爾、烏克蘭、哈薩克斯坦、吉爾吉斯斯坦和菲律賓。目前，超過1.3萬名印度學生正在這些國家攻讀醫學專業。

　　For Indian students, the most preferred destination to study medicine abroad is China followed by Russia, Nepal, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Philippines. Over 13,000 Indian students are currently studying medicine in these countries.

　　自2004年，中國開始向醫學專業的國外留學生敞開大門。隨后幾年間，中國放寬了相關規定。

　　China opened its doors to foreign students seeking education in medicine in 2004. Streamlining regulations took a number of years.

　　印度醫學委員會提供了一份有45所中國醫學院校的名單，清單所列全部為公立學校，這些學校可以為外國留學生提供共計3470個入學名額。這份名單已經被中國教育部認可并公布，該名單中學校全部可提供英文醫學課程。

　　The Medical Council of India (MCI) presently lists 45 Chinese Medical Institutions, all public, which offer 3,470 seats to international students. This list has been issued and approved by the Ministry of Education of the PRC to include only institutions that offer medical education in the English language.

　　2016年02月02日，江蘇大學，幾名印度留學生在新年聯歡會后自拍。[CFP]

　　中國醫學專業學制為六年，最后一年為實習期，進行實習之前必須要修漢語課程。印度駐華使館為有意來華學醫的學生提供了詳細的指南。

　　The six-year program includes a year-long internship, and compulsory Mandarin classes are a prerequisite for the internship in the final year. The Indian Embassy in Beijing provides detailed guidelines for students hoping to study medicine in China.

　　印度不少留學中介推動了印度留學生來華，甚至還出現了一些影子中介，曾有一些學生被介紹到不符合中國教育部標準的私立學校上學。印度使館提供的指南中對此明確發出了警告。

　　Recruitment of Indian students is facilitated through ‘agents’ in India. Some shady agents have emerged, but guidelines issued by the Indian Embassy clearly warn students about them. Some students were recruited by agents and sent to sub-standard private universities that fail to meet the standards of the Ministry of Education in China.

　　如果對印度醫學委員會所認可的這45所醫學類高校進行分析，會發現這些學校多數集中于東部省份，其中江蘇最多，有7所，其后是廣東，有5所，湖北有4所，遼寧、四川和浙江各有3所。中國最西部的新疆維吾爾自治區有2所。

　　Analysis of the 45 medical universities in China approved by the MCI shows that they are mostly concentrated in the eastern provinces, with Jiangsu having the most approved universities at 7, followed by Guangdong with 5, Hubei with 4 and Liaoning, Sichuan and Zhejiang with 3 each. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China’s westernmost, has 2.

　　2015年7月27日，22歲的印度學生莫非在鄭州大學主修醫學，今年是他來中國當留學生的第四個年頭。[CFP]

　　促使印度學生出國學醫并選擇中國的原因如下：印度國內醫學院校提供的入學名額遠遠少于想學醫的學生人數，要想進入公立醫學院校需要參加競爭激烈的考試，而且醫學教育的商業化正愈演愈烈。

　　Several factors push students away from India, and others pull them to China. In India, the demand for seats in medical colleges exceeds supply significantly. Admission to public medical colleges is determined by a highly competitive examination, but medical education is becoming more commercialized.

　　印度的醫學院校中有約一半都是私立院校，費用昂貴，許多學生負擔不起，就把目光轉向國外。

　　Almost 50 percent of medical colleges in India are private. These schools charge more than many students can afford, so they seek more affordable opportunities abroad.

　　而中國醫學院校的收費相對便宜，這是促使印度學生來華學醫的關鍵因素。

　　And the paramount factor pulling Indian students to Chinese medical colleges is affordability.

　　對比綜合學費、食宿費用、生活成本以及其他開支，中國學習成本相比同類其他國家是最低的。2014年，一個在中國讀本科的印度學生完成學業的平均花費約250萬盧比，約合25萬人民幣。

　　Compared to comparable countries, Chinese education is the cheapest when fees, accommodation, living costs and other expenses are considered. In 2014, an Indian undergraduate student in China spent an average of 2.5 million rupees to graduate.

　　印度學生又高興又驚奇地發現，中國大學沒有印度私立大學中存在的贊助費這種隱性收費，而且所有這些學校都有英文授課。當然，印度學生來華后還是需要學習中文，否則實習期間將法同中國病人交流。

　　Unlike private Indian colleges, students were pleasantly surprised by the lack of hidden costs in the form of donations in China. All colleges teach in English but students must also study the language to survive interaction with Chinese patients during the internship year.

　　2011年3月4日，印度留學生瑞妮、卡迪卡與南通大學附屬醫院檢驗中心工作人員走進小區，上門為行動不便的老人義務抽血進行治療前的檢驗。（CFP）

　　除了負擔得起費用外，學生們還認為中國醫學院的基礎設施、實驗設備和技術水平要比印度強。

　　Along with affordability, students have also remarked that Chinese medical colleges have better equipment, laboratory facilities and technology compared to those in India.

　　不少學生認為，他們在中國的醫學院接受了良好的訓練，教學質量通常要比印度高。也有些人表示，由于存在語言障礙，他們獲得的實踐知識和臨床經驗要少。許多學生攻克了這些難關，已經能運用中文進行溝通，有些學生甚至返回中國攻讀碩士，因為印度醫學院的碩士名額依然非常有限。

　　They claim that the training they received in China was high-quality and often better than private and public medical colleges at home. In some cases they noted that they received less practical knowledge and clinical exposure due to the language barrier. Many have been able to overcome such difficulties and use the language effectively. Some students have even started returning for post-graduate studies because those seats in India are also very limited.

　　學生們坦言，他們此前從未想象過到中國學習。到了中國全新的文化環境中，他們不僅需要學習專業技能，還需要學習很多別的東西。女生覺得中國是個治安非常好的國家。印度使館鼓勵學生與來自不同國家的人交流，同時盡量多吸收一些關于中國的知識。

　　The students acknowledged that they never imagined studying in China and had to learn more than technical skills upon arriving in a completely new culture and environment. Women students found it a very safe country. The Indian embassy encourages students to interact more with people from different countries and to absorb as much as they can about China.

　　2015年7月27日，印度學生莫非在鄭州大學圖書館內查閱資料。[CFP]

　　除了在美國、英國、澳大利亞、新西蘭和加拿大留學的學生，絕大多數在其他國家學習的印度醫學留學生學成歸國后都要參加國家考試委員會舉辦的外國醫學學歷水平測試，通過考試后方可獲得執業資格。

　　Upon returning, most Indian graduates of overseas studies, except for those that went to the U.S., the U.K., Australia, New Zealand, Canada, have to sit the Foreign Medical Graduate Exams (FMGE) organized by the National Board of Examinations (NBE) before they can legally practice in India.

　　此項測試難度相當大，而從印度國內醫學院畢業的學生則不需要參加這項考試，這導致留學生們怨聲載道。種種問題都需要印度國內有關各方共同努力來解決。

　　This examination is fairly difficult and many graduates complain that students graduating from Indian medical colleges do not have to pass such an exam. Such issues must be resolved by the various stakeholders within India.

　　雖然學成歸國后會遇到各種問題，但這并沒有擋住印度學生前往中國學醫的熱情。近年來到中國學醫的印度學生人數穩步增長，并有望在未來繼續保持增長勢頭。

　　The problem with recognizing the foreign medical graduates returning to India has not deterred Indian students from going to China to study medicine. The volume has steadily increased over the years and appears poised to continue on that trajectory in the future.

　　2012年11月22日，重慶沙坪壩區，第二屆重慶大學國際文化節開幕。圖為印度留學生在表演舞蹈。[CFP]

　　顯然，許多印度留學生在中國收獲頗豐。年輕的印度人正在拓寬眼界，將眼光投向鄰國，特別是中國，并且看到了中國高等院校中存在的眾多機會。

　　Obviously, many students have returned with a wealth of positive experiences. Young Indians are opening their minds to their Asian neighbours, especially China, and see numerous opportunities for higher education just next door.

　　雖說英語國家仍然是印度留學生的首選，但是中國已經成為強有力的競爭者，印度留學生如果想到非英語國家接受優質的高等教育，中國已經成為最好的選擇之一。

　　While English-speaking nations are still the preferred destination for most Indians, China is an emerging contender and one of the top non-English speaking countries where Indians can receive quality higher education.

　　印度總統于去年訪問中國，雙方簽署多項諒解備忘錄，這將有助于雙方的師資和學生交流以及科研合作。兩國的教育界人士都希望高等教育的交流和合作能夠成為中印雙邊對話的優先議題，也希望兩國會有更多學生選擇到對方的高校進行深造。

　　During a visit to China by the President of India in May 2016, several memoranda of understanding were signed to facilitate students and faculty exchanges as well as collaboration in research and innovation. Educators in both countries hope that such exchanges and academic cooperation in higher education will be a priority in bilateral talks and that more students from both India and China will choose to study in each other’s universities.

本文轉自《中印對話》獨家稿件，版權歸原作者所有。

This article is exclusive to China-India Dialogue. All rights reserved.

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　　本文作者Madhurima Nundy為印度中國研究所研究員。

　　The author is associate fellow at the Institute of Chinese Studies (ICS) in Delhi.